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civil ensign
The civil ensign, also known as merchant flag or merchant ensign, is the national flag flown by civil ships (merchant ships and others, as opposed to military) to denote nationality. Countries may have a national flag for most purposes on land, a distinct civil ensign for non-military ships, and a naval ensign for the navy; sometimes two or all of these flags are identical.
In most countries there was originally no distinction between the flag for armed state ships (navy) and private owned, usually unarmed ships (merchant marine). Today many countries, including the United States and France, continue the practice of having a single national flag for all or most purposes.
In other countries a distinction is made between the land flag and the civil and naval ensigns. Most notable for the elaborate flag system is the United Kingdom, that uses the Union flag on land, (inter alia) the Red Ensign for merchant ships, and the White Ensign for the Royal Navy.
== Countries having specific civil ensigns ==
The civil ensigns that are different from the "general" national flag, can be grouped into a number of categories.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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